The first attested traces of Neanderthal presence in the territory of Albania dates back to the middle and upper Paleolithic period and were discovered in Xarrë and at Mount Dajt in the adjacent region of Tirana. The remains of the Kamenica Tumulus in the county of Korçë. The two terms are popularly interpreted as "Land of the Eagles" and "Children of the Eagles". The words Shqipëri and Shqiptar are attested from 14th century onwards, but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename Shqipëria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëreshë amongst Albanian speakers. Nowadays, Albanians call their country Shqipëri or Shqipëria. During the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country Arbëri or Arbëni and referred to themselves as Arbëreshë or Arbëneshë. In his history written in the 10th century, the Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates was the first to refer to Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the Duke of Dyrrachium. The term may have a continuation in the name of a medieval settlement called Albanon or Arbanon, although it is not certain that this was the same place. It may be derived from the Illyrian tribe of Albani ( Albanian: Albanët) recorded by Ptolemy, the geographer and astronomer from Alexandria, who drafted a map in 150 AD which shows the city of Albanopolis located northeast of Durrës. The term Albania is the medieval Latin name of the country. Main article: Names of the Albanians and Albania It is one of the founding members of the Energy Community, including the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Union for the Mediterranean. It has been an official candidate for membership in the European Union since 2014. Albania is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, UNESCO, NATO, WTO, COE, OSCE, and OIC.
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Albania provides universal health care and free primary and secondary education to its citizens. It went through a process of transition following the end of communism in 1990, from centralised planning to a market-based economy. It is a developing country, ranking 67th in the Human Development Index, with an upper-middle income economy dominated by the service sector, followed by manufacturing. The Revolutions of 1991 concluded the fall of communism in Albania and eventually the establishment of the current Republic of Albania.Īlbania is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic. Enver Hoxha formed the People's Socialist Republic of Albania after World War II, modeled under the terms of Hoxhaism. In the 20th century, the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy, which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany. After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars, the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, cultural developments, widely attributed to Albanians having gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength, conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance. Albania remained under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries, during which many Albanians (known as Arnauts) attained high-ranking offices in the empire, especially in the Southern Balkans and Egypt. Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century, the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe. The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries. The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century. Tirana is its capital and largest city, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.Īlbania has been inhabited by different civilisations over time, such as the Illyrians, Thracians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Venetians, and Ottomans. The landscape ranges from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus, and Ceraunian Mountains, to the hot and sunny coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian Seas along the Mediterranean. The country displays varied climatic, geological, hydrological, and morphological conditions, in an area of 28,748 km 2 (11,100 sq mi). It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south. Albania ( / æ l ˈ b eɪ n i ə, ɔː l-/ ( listen) a(w)l- BAY-nee-ə Albanian: Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.
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